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NTP server misuse and abuse
NTP server misuse and abuse covers a number of practices which cause damage or degradation to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server, ranging from flooding it with traffic (effectively a DDoS attack) or violating the server's access policy or the NTP (rules of engagement ). One incident was branded NTP vandalism in an open letter from Poul-Henning Kamp to the router manufacturer D-Link in 2006. This term has later been extended by others to retroactively include other incidents. There is, however, no evidence that any of these problems are deliberate vandalism. They are more usually caused by shortsighted or poorly chosen default configurations.
A (deliberate form of NTP server abuse ) came to note at the end of 2013, when NTP servers were used as part of amplification denial-of-service attacks. Some NTP servers would respond to a single "monlist" UDP request packet, with packets describing up to 600 associations. By using a request with a spoofed IP address attackers could direct an amplified stream of packets at a network. This resulted in one of the largest distributed denial-of-service attacks known at the time.
==Common NTP client problems==
The most troublesome problems have involved NTP server addresses hardcoded in the firmware of consumer networking devices. As major manufacturers produce hundreds of thousands of devices and since most customers never upgrade the firmware, any problems will persist for as long as the devices are in service.
One particularly common software error is to generate query packets at short (less than five second) intervals until a response is received. When such an implementation finds itself behind a packet filter that refuses to pass the incoming response, this results in a never-ending stream of requests to the NTP server. Such grossly over-eager clients (particularly those polling once per second) commonly make up more than 50% of the traffic of public NTP servers, despite being a minuscule fraction of the total clients. While it is reasonable to send a few initial packets at short intervals, it is essential for the health of ''any'' connectionless network that unacknowledged packets be generated at exponentially decreasing rates. This applies to any connectionless protocol, and many portions of connection-based protocols. Examples can be found in the TCP specification for connection establishment, zero-window probing, and keepalive transmissions.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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